Not sure what it’s actually measuring (glass, water, submerged object) but it’s always been consistent with the actual tank equipment readings so I never bothered to investigate. I got the idea to use it when I was checking the temperature of my babies bath water with it nightly, in this use I pointed it into the tub full of water. I guess now I tend to point it into the water through the glass, so I think it is accurate both ways, I also point it down into my 5g bucket to check WC temp. I would say it’s the most valuable piece of non reef equipment I use on my reef regularly